Discovery of the Structure of DNA Essay - 2374 Words

Discovery of the Structure of DNA On the last day of February in 1953, according to James Watson, Francis Crick announced to the patrons of the Eagle Pub in Cambridge, â€Å"We have discovered the secret of life† (Watson 115, 1980). As Brian Hayes, the author of â€Å"The Invention of the Genetic Code† states, â€Å"If life ever had a secret, the double helix of DNA was surely it† (1). However, it was not the work of these two men alone that led to the discovery of the power the lies within the double helix, but rather the work of many scientists that was carefully picked apart and pieced together by the two who received the most fame for the work. Scientists’ knowledge of DNA was reported as early as 1868, when the Swiss physician Fritz†¦show more content†¦On April 25, 1953, a short article published in Nature revealed the genetic function of DNA as it had been discovered through a study of its structure (Watson and Crick 737, 1953). Within their text, James Watson and Francis Crick proposed a model that showed how deoxyribonucleic acid could contain long, coded messages (Patterson 17, 1999). James Watson These coded patterns allowed for all traits within living things to be passed from one generation to the next, therefore unraveling a mystery that had previously been troubling to scientists. Colin Patterson, the author of Evolution, exclaims, â€Å"This model—the double helix—with its biological implications ranks as the greatest contribution to biology since the work of Darwin and Mendel, something that is obvious enough from the fact that the acronym DNA and the image of the double helix are among the icons of late twentieth-century culture† (17-18, 1999). Watson and Crick have not always had the recognition they now possess, but rather came from humble backgrounds and tested many failed hypotheses before arriving at their conclusion. It was neither genius nor talent that united these men; instead â€Å"they shared a conviction that DNA, not proteins, was the critical factor in passing on genetic information from generation to generation† (Access Excellence Classic Collection 3). Watson moved from the United States of America to EnglandShow MoreRelatedThe Discovery Of The Structure Of Dna1089 Words   |  5 PagesRosalind Franklin and her Contribution to the Structure of DNA Specific Purpose: To enable the audience to reflect on how Rosalind Franklin contributed to the discovery of the structure of DNA. Introduction: I. Open with Impact: Could you having a significant role in one of the greatest scientific achievements of all time, but not getting credit for it? Not only that, but constantly putting yourself in harm’s way to make this discovery, and eventually dying because of it? II. Thesis Statement:Read MoreThe Discovery Of The Dna Structure2092 Words   |  9 PagesOne of the most important things discovered and understood in biology within science, has been the discovery of the DNA structure. Where DNA is the abbreviation for deoxyribonucleic acid, though it is more known by nearly everyone simply as DNA. The idea behind DNA is that it is a self-replicating material that can be found in all living organisms, especially humans. The structure of DNA was solved in the year 1953, and was solved by four very important scientists who were; Francis Crick, RosalindRead MoreEssay on The Discovery Of The Structure Of DNA1526 Words   |  7 PagesJames Watson and Francis Crick discovered the structure of DNA, but only by drawing on the work of many scientists who came before them. (Maddox, 2003) In 1944, Oswald T. Avery, Colin M. MacLeod, and Maclyn McCarty published â€Å"Studies on the Chemical Nature of the Substance Inducing Transformation of Pneumococcal Ty pes†, which was the first scientific work to identify DNA as the molecule that carried genetic information, and became a breakthrough at that time. (Avery, Macleod, McCarty, 1944) BeforeRead MoreYu Sun Park. Dr. Murphy. Lab Section 4. Discovery Of Dna1394 Words   |  6 Pagessection 4 Discovery of DNA double helix: Related to both Scientific and Humane Aspects DNA, the molecule of life that carries genetic information in humans and almost all other organisms, has been considered as one of the greatest discoveries until now. If DNA could not have been discovered, we would not be able to do or test numerous things such as paternity test and pathological confirmation. There are four main scientists who contributed their lives, knowledge, and ambitions to find out the DNA doubleRead MoreBiology : Structure Of Dna818 Words   |  4 PagesBiology: Structure of DNA The article â€Å"The Structure of DNA: Cooperation and Competition† by the Understanding Science team (the author is Stephanie Stuart, with the editor Anna Thanukos, and the web producers David Smith and Josh Frankel) begins with the history of the discovery of DNA. â€Å"During the early 1950s, the intellectual journeys of a bird biologist, an expert on the structure of coal, a designer of underwater mines, and a nuclear physicist intersected, resulting—not in aRead MoreThe Importance of the Structure of Dna1582 Words   |  7 PagesKa Zhu The Importance of the Structure of DNA Understanding ideas at a macroscopic scale is simple. Looking at a clock, observing and understanding the movements of the hands over the numbered surface are, in essence, all one requires to use the device. In order for innovation to occur, it is imperative to understand the inner workings of the device on a microscopic scale to modulate its properties. Such is the case for many innovations in science, from the heat engine to penicillin, and is noRead MoreThe Structure Of Dn Cooperation And Competition949 Words   |  4 PagesThe Structure of DNA: Cooperation and Competition PRACTICAL PROBLEM: The question â€Å"How do living things pass on their traits to offspring† had long been on the minds of researchers. CURIOSITY: Curiosity was a trait of all those who wondered about that question. Gregor Mendel was just one of those people leading up to the four who discovered the structure of DNA. The four people who discovered the structure of DNA built upon the EXPLORATION AND DISCOVERY of others: At the time of this discoveryRead MoreDna Essay807 Words   |  4 PagesJames Watson. Watson and Crick discovered structure of deoxyribonucleic acid - a substance that contains all hereditary information. A few months after the historic statement in the pub came a careful publication of the work of two researchers in the journal Nature (Watson and Crick 738-740). The article ended with the assumption that the discovery of the structure of DNA could explain the copying mechanisms of genetic material. With the structure of DNA in hand, molecular biology became the fastestRead MoreCharles Crick And James Watson On The Structure Of The Complex Molecule Known As Dna Essay1293 Words   |  6 Pageswas awarded to Francis Crick and James Watson for formulating the structure of the complex molecule known as DNA. These discoveries were a direct result of the accumulation of many scientists’ earlier analyses and findings of the DNA. Before Watson and Crick had developed the double-heli cal structure of DNA, indication of this genetic material had been revealed around the 1850’s. During the century following the first evidence of DNA, subsequent researchers had been eagerly examining the physical andRead MoreDna Discovery Essay1006 Words   |  5 PagesAs the instructions for all living cells, DNA is a complex molecule and the basis of biology. The structure of DNA is the same for all organisms. (Fredholm, 2003) The journey to understanding DNA began in 1866 when Augustinian monk Gregor Mendel discovered the basic principles of genetics. Although the scientific community did not fully appreciate or credit his work in his lifetime, Mendel is now considered the father of genetics. Mendel’s advanced experiments with pea plants between 1856 and 1863

Non Compliance The Legal Obligations May Have An Impact...

Non-compliance to the legal obligations may have an impact on the business. There are several strategies that are implemented by governments to ensure compliance. These include infringement notices, prosecutions, revoking, suspending or cancelling authorisations (including closing the business) and/ or removal of equipment (Safe Work Australia, 2011). European Agency for Safety and Health at Work ( 2014) refers to a survey conducted on the construction industry by Indecon in 2006 where the findings showed that 54% of the responders believed that health and safety legislation let to a reduction in the cost of accidents, and 40% believed that it reduced insurance costs. However, actually investing in health and safety, is not just a case of meeting obligations, it should be underpinned by a very strong business case. The Royal Society for the Prevention of Accidents (2015) argues though it may seem counter-intuitive, when times are tough it is even more imperative that health and safety is a key business focus than at other times. Their reasoning is accidents and ill health caused by work as well as non-injury incidents impose massive and in some cases hidden costs on business (Society for the Prevention of Accidents, 2015). By not investing in health and safety systems there is a potential exposure for risk when a system failure occurs. This failure does not necessarily have to be catastrophic (Montara 2009 or Deepwater Horizon 2010). There are known costs associated withShow MoreRelatedThe Regulation Of Provided Legal Services1674 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction The regulation of provided legal services is imperative towards the functionality of the justice system. As indicated by Sir David Clementi regulation fulfills six distinctive purposes of which incorporates access to justice, protection and advancement of consumer interest, promotion of competition, public understanding of a native s legitimate rights and the maintenance of the rule of law. The SRA Code of Conduct represents an ambitious attempt to merge consumer protection and professionalismRead MoreThe Market Of Sand Sales Essay1665 Words   |  7 Pagesthe market in sand sales, we have to operate differently. We must set negotiating parameters for the sales team, analyze our current agreements to ensure compliance, work with IT and legal to force compliance for all non-compliant situations, and develop a contract management system going forward that tracks not only the customer’s contract compliance, but ours as well. This will be a large under-taking that will require time and cooperation from the following departments: finance, billing, planningRead MoreIncrease in the Significant Role in Compliance in Financial Service Firms727 Words   |  3 Pagesinternational financial market have encouraged an increase in the significant role of compliance in financial service firms over the last decade. Particularly, aftermath of the 2008 global financial crisis, to ensure the financial stability and protect the future crisis, regulators have continued to pay attention on improved requirement of capital and liquidity as well as risk management and corporate governance in the financial intermediary. Additionally, policy makers also have focused on issues associatedRead MoreWhy The Money Used For Fund An Investment1421 Words   |  6 Pagesnot aware, and have no reason to suspect that the money used to fund an investment in the Trust to lend to Borrowers is derived from, or related to, money laundering, terrorism financing or similar activities (â€Å"Illegal Activities†); and (b) any proceeds from your investment will not be used in relation to Illegal Activities. 2. COMPLAINTS AND DISPUTE RESOLUTION 2.1 If a dispute arises, before any proceeding is commenced the party claiming that a dispute has arisen must give 10 Business Days’ noticeRead MoreDomain 1 : Cloud Computing Architectural Framework1383 Words   |  6 Pagesmanagement effort or service provider interaction of the resources needed. By doing that, BPI will have an efficient scalable environment, low cost fast and fast to deploy. A hybrid Cloud Deployment model with a combination of Public, Private and Community models will be used. The Cloud Service Delivery model will be a combination of SaaS, PaaS and IaaS to satisfy the requirements of the multiple business units within the organization, customers, and suppliers resulting in a cost reduction through optimizedRead MoreCorporate Liability : Should Corporate Social Responsibility Be Enriched Essay1641 Words   |  7 Pagesduties and exercise their powers as legal persons in an ethical manner?† I. Introduction Corporate Social Responsibility (â€Å"CSR†) is often described as the measures taken by companies to manage environmental, social and economic impacts of their business activities. Since the globalisation of economic and labour markets, CSR has become an argumentative topic. 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If the tenant overstayed the agreed timeframe the landlord would have provision to make a case and bring it before the courts. - The extent of the liability imposed on the tenant, whether the lease terms are confined to just the lease payments or whether the tenant is also responsible for repair/maintenance etc. Failure to carry out repairs and/or maintenance would negatively impact on the tenants ability to exercise a break clause in the future. - Where the LandlordRead MoreCompliance Implementation Of Compliance Management1289 Words   |  6 PagesCompliance Charter – BBPK Table of Contents 1. Introduction 2. Definitions †¢ Compliance Division †¢ Compliance Risk †¢ Regulatory Risk †¢ Reputational Risk †¢ Compliance Framework †¢ Risk Appetite †¢ Tolerance Levels 3. The Role of the Compliance Function 4. Responsibilities for Compliance 5. Compliance Risk Management †¢ Compliance Risk Management Framework 6. Compliance Structure 7. Compliance Functions Authority and Capabilities 1. Introduction The purpose of this document is to set out theRead MoreOutline Of An Organized Country And Government Owes A Lot Of Fundamental Obligation Essay1697 Words   |  7 Pagesowes a lot of fundamental obligation to the people it governs. These obligations can take many forms like basic social amenities such good roads, health, security of lives and properties, shelters, good water, retirement system†¦etc. (iprojects.com.ng) So the government applies taxes on its citizens to pursue the above stated objectives it owns to the people. The citizens of Lebanon living under the guardianship of the government owe also the government many obligations, such as paying taxes†¦ Tax

The Lottery, by Shirley Jackson and A Good Man Is Hard To...

In Shirley Jackson’s short story the Lottery and Flannery O’Conner’s â€Å"A Good Man is Hard to Find†, there are a few aspects of a similar nature that attempt to tackle the nature essence of the human condition. Both short stories respectively portray two similar types of foreshadowing where one is random the other is premeditated, which leads these stories to their very surprising dramatic climax that is held until the end of each story. I believe that these important variables of both stories have a strong influence on the reader’s objectification regarding the way each story presents the idea of the human condition. Flannery O’Conner’s â€Å"A Good Man is Hard To Find† portrays a very random type of foreshadowing. The radom foreshadowing in†¦show more content†¦These are elements of random foreshadowing that helped the reader understand why the grandmother believed so strongly that a good man is hard to find. This would be a prelude to the horrific events that would later unfold when the grandmother encounters the misfit who by all intense purposes was not believed to be a good man. In addition, Shirley Jackson’s Lottery presented us with some a similar form of foreshadowing that is not random but premeditated. Jackson explained the boys eager preparativeness to collect the stones for the horrific stoning of Tessie Hutchinson â€Å"Bobby Martin had already stuffed his pockets full of stones, and the other boys soon followed his example, selecting the smoothest and roundest stones; Bobby and Harry Jones and Dickie Delacroxie..eventually made a great pile of stones in one corner of the square and guarded it against the raids of the other boys. (Jackson 235). Jackson used this premeditated foreshadowing technique in her story which like O’Conner helped to slowly build up the tension and suspense that was needed to prepare their readers for what would be a very shocking climatic ending to both their stories. But Jackson also used certain symbols in the premeditated foreshadowing of this story to help illustrate the flow and movement of the story to th e reader. For instance, the shabby splintered black box which was no longer black in color, This was due to the years of careless handling by Mr. Summers andShow MoreRelatedAn Analysis of Shirley Jacksons The Lottery and Flannery OConnors A Good Man Is Hard to Find1360 Words   |  5 PagesShirley Jackson The Lottery Shirley Jacksons short story The Lottery depicts life in a provincial American town with rigid social norms. Mr. Summers symbolizes everything that is wrong with the town; he represents blind adherence to ritual, social rigidity, and resistance to change. His name corresponds with the seasonal setting of The Lottery, too, drawing attention to the importance of his character in shaping the theme of the story. Summers is in charge of the central motif of the storyRead MoreSimilarities Between The Lottery And A Good Man Is Hard To Find1376 Words   |  6 PagesTessie Hutchinson from Shirley Jacksons â€Å"The Lottery† and the grandmother from A Good Man Is Hard to Find† by Flannery OConnor, treat their family members both similarly and differently and how they are treated in return. Throughout â€Å"A Good Man is Hard to Find,† the family members ignore each other, argue, and act selfish towards one another, but in the end, O’Connor presents the theme of fami lial love. In â€Å"The Lottery† however, family relationships are important for the lottery to work, but then theyRead More Inhumanity in Flannery O’Connor’s A Good Man is Hard to Find and Shirley Jacksons The Lottery1133 Words   |  5 Pages In Flannery O’Connor’s, â€Å"A Good Man is Hard to Find,† and Shirley Jacksons, â€Å"The Lottery,† both short stories deal with man’s inhumanity in different situations, and ending with a similar consequence. Jackson and OConnor both use two characters to depict man having the power to manipulate truth and objection into something people accept. In O’Connor’s’ A Good Man is Hard to Find, the Misfit is a character in need of desired assistance, troubled and confused he wanders savagely murdering strangers

Australian Engineering Practice-Samples for Students-Myassignment

Questions: 1.Discuss Engineers' roles, responsibilities and the need to employ principles of Sustainable Development. 2.You have now been working on your team project for many weeks. Reflect on the roles and responsibilities you have taken on in your team and how that relates to what you have read in the Trevelyan textbook. 3.How do you understand sustainability in engineering? Discuss one way in which sustainability can lead to a 'better' engineering solution? How did you define better? 4. Your values are important in determining how you might respond if you found yourself in a situation of ethical conflict. Try to identify at least two values that you believe have an impact on how you live and work. Answers: 1.The process of enduring of the biological system that is productive and remain diverse is often defined as the Sustainability. But in 21st century the definition of Sustainability has gone too far, now it focuses on the need of development of the sustainable model requirement for the well maintenance of earth and for the human race to survive. It is a balanced act that values the needs of the present without compromising the well-being of future generation as stated by the United nation in 1987. Figure 1: Three dimensions of Sustainable development Engineering is referred as the professional art of applying science to the optimum conversion of the resources of nature to benefit man. The words engineer and ingenious are derived for the Latin root ingenerate meaning to create. As stated by a popular individual. Engineering is associated by a large body of special knowledge. Preparation for this professional practice includes substantial amount of training to gain the knowledge of this applications. The art where necessary judgment is required for the adaptation of the science and to practice on purpose, there requires imagination to conceive an original solution to any kind of logical problems and should have the ability to predict performance and performance along with effective cost of new devices. The role of the experimenter or scientist is to analyze and identify the problems, while the engineer has the role to solve the problem accordingly. The scientists provides products and new variety of items in the store, provides systematized knowledge of the real world, while the engineers brings the knowledge to solve the practical problems. This field of the study has basic principles based on the chemistry, physics and mathematics; the extension in the material science and fluid mechanics, thermodynamics transfers and rates the system analytics, computer programming, processes, electronics and robotics. 2.Engineers role and responsibilities: To make engineers vision broad at first they are made technically strong to think logically. Where engineering study and codes make sure that the integrity and safety of the development are helping them to develop and give the society a sustainable solution to any problems regarding the environment. The primary role of the engineer is to analyze and identify the problems and then seek out the best solution that lead to the best development of the environment and society that may include the need and consumption of the resources from the environment. There should be a balance between the resources used and the development of the society such that there are enough for the development for the future generation. Excessive use of the resource may lead to scarcity in further use. Engineers are not allowed to select the problems but when problem rises they have the permission and ability to solve them and thus satisfy the requirements conflicting. Ther e are two kinds of resources to be employed- energy and material. Due to the limitation of the resources there is a great concern amongst the engineers upon the conceptual development of new resources and the effective use and utilization of the existing resources. The engineering activities are for the welfare of man by furnishing food, comfort and shelter. And these are done by marinating and developing the work, transportation and communication mush safer and reliable. Scope of the guide: Sustainable development and engineering are closely related and linked, form many aspects of sustainability depends directly and the significance are appropriate, so timely actions of engineers are always required. In a journal of The University of Engineering, The Royal Academy of Engineering 2000- It has been explained that Engineering design plays a vital part for the extension of the engineer process such that for the analyzing, synthesizing and evaluating and executing. The input of sustainable development solution should always be provided in the partnership. The issues concerned are described as the engineering input starts to participate in the framing of the problems. 3.Engineering refines the products and try to make them sustainable. The Sustainable development is the way to move human activities to such a pattern that can be utilized. Sustainable engineering gains the environmental engineering concepts to some better place by concentrating over the links and interaction between ecological, technical, social and economical systems and hence by avoiding the shifting problems in each area. The concept of life cycle thinking, industrial ecology and sustainable systems engineering are important elements in the work practice and education of the sustainability in engineering. The engineers are tends to search for the effective and historic solutions for the protection of the environment and the crucial lives presenting a support system and at the same time meet the needs of the rapidly growing human population. This is how the word better can be defined. 4.If there is situation of ethical conflict, it is important to determine the reaction or response of someone in that situation defines the word value. Identifying the most important values that are believed to have impact on someone are: live and work. Honesty, respect, integrity and dignity are some of the characteristics of the person in a professional field. The impact of these values are in such a way that adapting these values may make ones social life better and stronger that results in good living and working environment. Manage information and documentation. a) Having many members of a team work on a project together means that you can achieve a great deal more than if you were working by yourself. However, it also creates some challenges. One challenge is ensuring version control of reports and drawings. What processes has your team put in place to share information and ensure that everyone works on the most recent version of a document? Communication is a very effective medium of communicating information. In todays date there are numerous ways that are available for communication. Some of the modern means of communication are cell phone texting, calls and emails or via social networking sites of internet. To cope up with the challenges of communication people make groups on a social site and are using this sources to communicate. The workflow of the DMS encapsulates business rules and metadata. Every day new and variety of information re added in the groups and is sent via emails or texts messages regarding updates. These messages are sent to all group members. The group members have chosen social media sites as the medium for communication since this sites are used by everyone daily basis. This helps in keeping updates every minute. This idea has gained success in keeping the communication simple and effective and hence the communication problems are solved in an easy manner. The Document management system is focused primarily on the storage and retrieval of self-contained electronic data resources in the document form. Communicate effectively across a range of context a) It is important as a professional that you learn to communicate appropriately with a range of stakeholders and mediums. Email is one medium that is commonly used in current practice. Give an example of an email you have sent to either your team or facilitator that demonstrates your ability to communicate effectively and professionally. What do you think makes this an effective communication? Give an example of an email that you think is unprofessional it does not need to be a genuine email, you can write a mock email. There is a sharp difference in professional and non-professional communication. Professional communication specializes in writing and taking care of the rule of the writing. This makes the audience understand the authors vividly without any ambiguity. Example: here is an email showing professional communication. From: anonymous@gmail.com To: groupmember1@mail.com Cc: groupmember2@gmail.com Subject: XYZ Project and Communication Guideline Dear XYZ Project Team Member, Welcome to XYZ Project. I look forward to work with each of you. The project will be starting soon and I have selected all of you because you people have potential to bring out the creative solution and implementing the principal of engineering to give your idea a physical existence. Im expecting all of you to yield maximum output of your expertise. I will be heading up this project. I need to set some ground rules for project communication using this thread: Only communicate with project members. Focus on one thought per email. If the email isnt about the project dont include it in this thread. If you have a question, review the entire thread to make sure someone hasnt already answered it. Let me know if you have any questions. Sincerely, Anonymous XYZ Project Team Lead An example of non-professional Same as letter head. Subject Get things done on time!!! Member 1!!! What is wrong with you? You dont seem to have gotten anything done If it kept going on like that I will exclude you from the project and then you will find yourself in trouble. LL Bibliography Barkemeyer, R., Holt, D., Preuss, L. and Tsang, S., 2014. What happened to the developmentin sustainable development? Business guidelines two decades after Brundtland. sustainable development, 22(1), pp.15-32. Bezos, J.P., Spiegel, J.R. and McAuliffe, J., Amazon. Com, Inc., 2014. Services for enabling users to share information regarding E-commerce transactions. U.S. Patent 8,744,929. Borenstein, J., Herkert, J. and Miller, K., 2017. Self-Driving Cars: Ethical Responsibilities of Design Engineers. IEEE Technology and Society Magazine, 36(2), pp.67-75. Haapala, K.R., Zhao, F., Camelio, J., Sutherland, J.W., Skerlos, S.J., Dornfeld, D.A., Jawahir, I.S., Clarens, A.F. and Rickli, J.L., 2013. A review of engineering research in sustainable manufacturing. Journal of Manufacturing Science and Engineering, 135(4), p.041013. Luederitz, C., Lang, D.J. and Von Wehrden, H., 2013. A systematic review of guiding principles for sustainable urban neighborhood development. Landscape and Urban Planning, 118, pp.40-52. Miller, T.R., Wiek, A., Sarewitz, D., Robinson, J., Olsson, L., Kriebel, D. and Loorbach, D., 2014. The future of sustainability science: a solutions-oriented research agenda. Sustainability science, 9(2), pp.239-246. Reid, D., 2013. Sustainable development: an introductory guide. Routledge. Smith, J., Gardoni, P. and Murphy, C., 2014. The responsibilities of engineers. Science and engineering ethics, 20(2), pp.519-538